When the fear of being left behind becomes a burden: A correlational study between fear of missing out and psychological distress among millennials

  • Jesica Prameswari Cahyaningthyas Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Satya Wacana Christian University, Indonesia
  • Arthur Huwae Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Satya Wacana Christian University, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2918-3309
Keywords: Fear of Missing Out, Psychological Distress, Millennial

Abstract

Life in the modern era has been characterized by increased social media use and heightened psychological pressures among millennials, including anxiety, stress, and depression. Fear of missing out (FoMO), defined as the apprehension of being left behind from others’ social experiences, may contribute to elevated psychological distress. This study aimed to examine the relationship between FoMO and psychological distress among millennials. This study employed a quantitative approach with a bivariate correlational cross-sectional design. A total of 298 millennials aged 28–42 years who were active social media users participated in this study, selected incidental sampling. Data were collected using the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOS) and the K-10 Psychological Distress Scale. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho correlation. The results indicated a significant positive relationship between FoMO and psychological distress (r = .200, p < .01). This finding suggests that increases or decreases in FoMO levels among millennials are associated with corresponding increases or decreases in psychological distress. These findings highlight the important role of FoMO in explaining fluctuations in psychological distress among millennials living in an intensive digital environment

References

American Psychological Association. (2019). Stress in America: Stress and current events. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2019/stress-america-2019.pdf

Asyki. (2018). Peneliti sebut generasi milenial punya harapan hidup yang rendah, ketahui pemicunya berikut ini. Diakses dari https://www.asyki.com/generasimilenialberumurpendek/

Auliati, R. N. (2024). Survei Kesehatan Mental Pada Mahasiswa Psikologi. Journal Psychology Today, 2(3), 145-153.

Azwar. (2019). Reliabilitas dan validitas (4th). Pustaka Pelajar.

Azzahra, F. (2017). Pengaruh resiliensi terhadap distres psikologis pada mahasiswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 5(1), 80-96.

Baker, Z. G., Krieger, H., & LeRoy, A. S. (2016). Fear of missing out: Relationships with depression, mindfulness, and physical symptoms. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 2(3), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000075

Bayu, M., & Puti, S. R. (2023). Exploring the interplay: Social media use and social anxiety among millennials in the digital age. Acta Psychologia, 2(3), 82-89. https://psychologia.pelnus.ac.id/index.php/Psychologia/article/view/40

Balcombe, L., & Leo, D. (2022). Human-Computer Interaction in Digital Mental Health. Informatics, 9, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9010014

Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083

Chen, B., McMunn, A., & Gagné, T. (2023). Parenthood and psychological distress among English Millennials during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the Next Steps cohort study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 58(3), 421- 430.

deHoog, N., &Verboon, P. (2020). Is the new makingusunhappy? The influence of daily new sexposure onemotional states. British Journal of Psychology,111(2), 157 173.

Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 141-152.

Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079

Heng, P. H., Hastuti, R., & Kintani, S. (2023).elationship between quality of life and mental health mediated by social support in millennials. International Journal of Application on Social Science and Humanities, 1(3), 45-55.

Huang, C. (2017). Time Spent on Social Network Sites and Psychological Well-Being: A-Meta- Analysis. Cyberpsychology Behavior Social Network, 20, 346–354

Intelligence, J. W. T. (2012). Fear of missing out (FOMO). Diunduh dari www. jwtintelligence. com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/F_JWT_ FOMOupdate_3, 21.

Jouhki, H., Savolainen, I., Sirola, A., &Oksanen, A. (2022). Escapis mandex cessiveonline behaviors: A three-wave longitudinal study in Finlandduringthe COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environ mental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12491.

Kaur, A., & Malik, G. (2020). Understanding the psychology behind panic buying: a grounded theory approach. Global Business Review, 0972150920973504.

Kaloeti, D. V. S., Kurnia, A. S., & Tahamata, V. M. (2021). Validation and psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale in adolescents. Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica, 34(15), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-021-0018

Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L. T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006074

Li, Z. S., & Hasson, F. (2020). Resilience, stress, and psychological well-being in nursing students: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 90, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104440

Liang, L., Li, C., Meng, C., Guo, X., Lv, J., Fei, J., & Mei, S. (2022). Psychological distress and internet addiction following the COVID-19 outbreak: Fear of missing out and boredom proneness as mediators. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 40, 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.03.007

Lucero, J. E., Emerson, A. D., Bowser, T., & Koch, B. (2021). Mental health risk among members of the millennial population cohort: A concern for public health. American Journal of Health Promotion,35 (2), 266-270.

Mattews, G. (2000). Distress. Fink (ed) in Encyclopedia of stress. Volume 1 (AD). New York: Academic.

Matthews, G. (2016). Distress. Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior, 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800951-2.00026-1

Matthews, K. A., Räikkönen, K., Gallo, L., & Kuller, L. H. (2008). Association between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome in women: testing the reserve capacity model. Health Psychology, 27(5), 576.

Mirowsky, J & Ross, C.E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Moeljono Notosoerdirjodan Latipun ,Edisi Keempat: Kesehatan Mental Konsep dan Penerapan (Malang: Universita s Muhammadiyah Malang Press, 2005), 30.

Murniasih, F. (2023). Sisi Gelap Media Sosial: Mediasi Perbandingan Sosial Pada Hubungan Fear of Missing Out dan Social Media Fatigue. Jurnal Diversita, 9(1), 93-103.

Musabiq, S., & Karimah, I. (2018). Gambaran stress dan dampaknya pada mahasiswa. Insight: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 20(2), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.26486/psikologi.v20i2.240

Naslund, J. A., Bondre, A., Torous, J., & Aschbrenner, K. A. 2020. Social Media and Mental Health: Benefits, Risks, and Opportunities for Research and Practice. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 5(3): 245–257.

Pehlivan, ?., Tokur Kesgi?n, M., & Uymaz, P. (2021). Psychological distress and mental health literacy in university students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(3), 1433–1441. https://doi.org/10.1111/PPC.12709

Pirdaus, J., Jamaica, A., Pratiwi, P. D., Sari, E., Kurniati, E., Saranita, A., &Nahdah, F. (2023, December). Aspek Psikologis Dalam Diri Remaja Berkenaan Penyakit Mental di Generasi Milenial Sekarang Yang Mempengaruhi Kesehatan Mentalnya. In Proceeding Conferenceon Da'wahand Communication Studies 2(78-86).

Pratiwi, F. S. (2023). Ini sederet masalah yang bikin gen Z dan milenial rentan stres. Diakses dari https://dataindonesia.id/varia/detail/ini-sederet-masalah-yang-bikin-gen-z-dan-milenial- rentan-stres

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., Dehaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014

Rachman, P. A. (2022). Mental baik saat pandemik. Jejak Pemikiran Pemuda Indonesia Tentang Kesehatan Mental Dan Covid-19, 54.

Rahardjo, W., Qomariyah, N., Mulyani, I., & Andriani, I. (2021). Social media fatigue pada mahasiswa di masa pandemi COVID-19: Peran neuroticisme, kelebihan informasi, invasion of life, kecemasan, dan jenis kelamin. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 19(2), 142-152.

Regnard, C., Reynolds, J., Watson, B., Matthews, D., Gibson, L., & Clarke, C. (2007). Understanding distress in people with severe communication difficulties: developing and assessing the Disability Distress Assessment Tool (DisDAT). Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(4), 277-292.

Rizvi, Y. S., & Ilyaz, A. (2022). Mental health among millennials and post-millennials: the role of loneliness and multi-dimensional perfectionism. Pacific Business Review International, 14(9), 13-25. http://www.pbr.co.in/2022/2022_month/March/2.pdf

Roberts,J.A.,&David,M.E.(2020).Thesocialmediaparty:Fear of missing out (FoMO), social media intensity, connection, andwell-being. International Journal of Human– ComputerInteraction, 36(4), 386-392.

Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (2003). Social structure and psychological functioning: Distress, perceived control, and trust. In the Handbook of social psychology (pp. 411-447). Boston, MA: Springer Us.

Ryan, T., Chester, A., Reece, J., & Xenos, S. (2014). The uses and abuses of Facebook: A Review of Facebook addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(3), 133–148.

Sadagheyani, H. E., & Tatari, F. 2021. Investigating the role of social media on mental health. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 25(1): 41–51.

San, L. Y., Hock, N. T., & Yin, L. P. (2019). Purchase Intention Towards Korean Products Among Generation Y In Malaysia.

Saputra, R., & Kurniawan, N. A. (2023). Problematika moral generasi milenial dalam perspektif bimbingan dan konseling Islami. Jurnal Counseling Care, 7(1), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.22202/jcc.2023.v7i1.6648

Sharma, M. K., John, N., & Sahu, M. 2020. Influence of social media on mental health: a systematic review. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33(5): 467–475.

Simanjuntak, M., & Naibaho, D. (2025). Peran Pendidikan agama Kristen dalam menjaga kesehatan mental positif generasi milenial. Jurnal Psiksosial dan Pendidikan,1(2)

Sugiyono. (2019). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.

Soraci, P., Demetrovics, Z., Bevan, N., Pisanti, R., Servidio, R., Di Bernardo, C.,& Griffiths. M.D. (2025). FoMO and Psychological Distress Mediate the Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Problematic Smartphone Use, and Problematic Social Media Use. International Journalof Mental Health And Addiction, 1-30.

Syafaah, N., & Santoso, I. H. (2022). Fear of Missing Out dan Korean Wave: Implikasinya pada Keputusan Pembelian Kosmetik asal Korea. INOBIS: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen Indonesia, 5(3), 405-414.

Tan, K. S., Chong, S. C., Lin, B., & Eze, U. C. (2009). Internet?based ICT adoption: evidencec from Malaysian SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 109(2), 224-244.

Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 201-210.

Valkenburg, P. M. (2022). Social media useandwell-being: What we know and what we need to know. Currentopinion in psychology, 45, 101294.

Wolniewicz, C. A., Rozgonjuk, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2020). Boredom proneness and fear of missing out mediate relations between depression and anxiety with problematic smartphone use. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(1), 61-70.

Published
2026-06-01